Cryobiology

 Cryobiology deals with the study of metabolic activates and their responses in plant materials and animal cells stored at low temperature (-196'C) by using liquid nitrogen in the presence of cryoprotectants. 

Fungal Cells

 1. Yeast:- Yeast is an unicellular eukaryotic fungus containing a small well characterized genome. Unlike plant or animal cells, it has rather fast growth rate and itself is a non-pathogenic fungus. Most of its gene contain introns which are spliced during purification of mature mRNA. It appears that intron found in yeast contain sequences for correct splicing as they are totally absent in higher eukaryotes. Moreover, yeast can carry out post-translational modification such as removal of signal sequence from a precursor polypeptide after the secretion of cell. This reveals a major advantage of yeasts over the bacteria. Success in DNA cloning in yeast depends on uptake of foreign DNA by its spheroplast in the presence of calcium ion and polyethyleneglycol (PEG). The spheroplasts develop cell wall after the incorporation of DNA.

Properties of Good Host

 A good host have the following features:-

1. Should be easy transform,                                                                                                          
2. Should support the replication of recombinant DNA,                                                                     
3. Should be free from elements that interfere with replication of recombinant DNA,                         
4. Lack active restriction enzyme, e.g. E.coli K12 sub strain HB 101,                                   
5. Should not have Methylases since these enzyme would methylate the replicated recombinant DNA which, as a result, would become resistant to useful restriction enzymes,                                                                                                                              
6. Should be deficient in normal recombination function so that the DNA insert is not altered by recombination events.                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     E.coli support several type of  vectors, some natural, constructed, which can be grouped as follows:-                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Plasmid                                                                                                                          2. Bacteriophages (both natural)                                                                                      3. Cosmids,                                                                                                                        4. Phasmids                                                                                                                      5. Shuttle vectors,                                                                                                            6. Artificial chromosomes                                                                                                  7. Phagemids,                                

Types of Restriction Endonucleases

There are the following four distinct types of restriction endonucleases:-

Type 1st restriction endonucleases:- are complex endonucleases, and have recognition sequences of about 15 bp; they cleave the DNA about 1000 bp away from the 5'-end of the sequence "TCA" located within the recognition site, e.g, EcoK, EcoB, etc.

Type 2nd restriction endonucleases:- are remarkably stable and induce cleavage either, in most cases, than 350 different type 2nd endonucleases with over 100 different recognition sequences are known. They require Mg⁺² ions for cleavage. The first type 2nd enzyme to be isolated was HindII in 1970. Only type 2nd restriction endonucleases are used for restriction mapping and gene cloning in view of their cleavage only at specific sites.

Type 3rd restriction endonucleases:- are intermediate between the type 1st and 2nd enzymes; they cleave DNA in the immediate vicinity of their recognition sites, e.g, EcoP1, EcoP15, HindIII, ect. Type 1st and 3rd restriction enzyme are not used in gene cloning. The type 3rd enzymes recognize asymmetric target sites, and cleave the DNA duplex on one side of the recognition sequence up to 20 bp away.

Steps in GENE CLONING

Steps in Gene Cloning:-

The entire procedure of gene cloning or recombinant DNA technology may be classified into the following five steps the convenience in description and on the basis of the chief activity performed.

1. Production and isolation of the DNA fragments to cloned.                     
2. Insertion of the isolated gene in a suitable vector to obtain recombinant DNA.                                                                                  
3. Introduction of the recombinant DNA into a suitable organism/cell usually we used E. coli  called host(transformation).                                                                                 
4. Selection of the transformed host cells, and identification of the clone containing the desired gene/DNA fragment.                                   
5. Multiplication/expression of the introduced gene in the host.                    
6. Where needed, transfer and expression of the gene in the another organism.                                                                                                                                   

Autoimmune Disease

 Autoimmune Disease:-                                                                                       The immune system normally produces antibodies against g foreign proteins but not against the native proteins of body, that is, the immune system can distinguish between "self" and "non-self", However, in rare cases, individuals begin to produce antibodies against their own antigens. These antibodies are called autoantibodies and the diseases resulting from their presence are the autoimmune diseases. Among these diseases are paroxysmal cold haemoglobinuria, myasthenia gravis and systemic lupus erythematous. 

structure of antibody

 Structure of antibody:-

What is sterilization and Types of sterilization

 Sterilization:-

All the materials, e.g., vessels, instruments, medium, plant material, etc., used in culture work must be freed from microbes. This is achieved by one of the following approaches:

1. Dry heat,

2. Flame sterilization,

3. Autoclaving,

4. Filter sterilization,

5. Wiping with 70% ethanol,

6. Surface sterilization,

                                                            1.Dry Heat

Glassware and Teflon plastic ware, and instruments may be sterilized by dry heat an oven at 160-180°C for 3 hours. But most workers prefer to autoclave glassware and plastic ware etc. And flame sterilize instruments like forceps, etc. More recently, glass bead sterilizers (300°C) are being employed for the sterilization of forceps, scalpels, etc. these devices use dry heat.

                                     

                                                2.Flame Sterilization

Instrumental like forceps, scalpels, needles, etc. Are ordinary flame sterilized by dipping them in 95% alcohol followed by flaming. These instruments are repeatedly sterilized during the operation to avoid contamination. It is customary to flame the mouth of culture vessels prior to inoculation.

                                                  3.Autoclaving

Culture vessels, etc. Are generally sterilized by heating in an autoclave or a pressure cooker to 121°C at 15p.s.i. (pounds per square inch 1.06kg/cm²) for 15 to 40 minutes, The time being longer for larger medium volumes. Sterilization during autoclaving depends mainly on temperature. Certain types of plastic ware and some instruments, e.g., micropipettes, etc. Are also autoclave. Care should be taken to properly stopper all the vessels and to open the autoclave only its pressure gauge indicates zero pressure. 

                                                4. Filter Sterilization

Some growth regulators, e.g., GA3, zeatin, ABA (abscisic acid), urea, certain vitamins, and enzymes are heat labile. Such compounds are filter sterilized by passing their solution through a membrane filter of 0.45μ or lower pore size. The membrane filter is held in a suitable assembly, the  assembly together with the filter is sterilized by autoclaving before use. Filter sterilized heat labile compounds are added to autoclaved and cooled media, in case of agar medium, they are added when the medium has cooled to about 40°C and is still liquefied.

Laminar flow cabinets are used to create an aseptic working space by blowing filter-sterilized air through an enclosed space. The air is first filtered through a coarse profiteer to remove large particles, it is then passed through a HEPA (high efficiency particulate air) filter, which filters out all particles larger than 0.3μm. This sterilized air blows through the cabinet at 1.8 km/hr. which is sufficient to keep the enclosed working area aseptic. 

        

                               5. Wiping with 70% Ethanol 

The surfaces that can not be sterilized by other techniques, e.g., platform of the laminar flow cabinet, hands of the operator, are sterilized by wiping them thoroughly with 70% ethyl alcohol is allowed to dry.

                                    6. Surface Sterilization

 All the plant materials to be used for culture are treated with an appropriate sterilizing agent to inactive the microbes present on their surface, This is called surface sterilization. Surface sterilization protocol will depend mainly on the source and the type of tissue of the explant is the excised piece of tissue or organ used for culture.

The sterilizing agent used for surface disinfection are calcium hypochlorite (9-10%), sodium hypochlorite (2%), mercuric chloride (0.1-1%), silver nitrate (1%), Bromine water (1-2%), H2O2 (10-12%) and antibiotics (4-50 mg/l). Of these, calcium or sodium hypochlorite and HgCl2 (satisfactory results) are the most commonly used. The duration of treatment varies form 15-30min. Since these agents are also toxic to plant tissues, the duration and the concentration used should be such as to cause minimum tissue death, and the rinsing after treatment should remove them as completely as possible.

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Definition of Biotechnology

             Definition of Biotechnology,

Biotechnology  consists of "the controlled use of biological agents, Such as, micro-organisms or cellular components, for beneficial use."                                                                                                                                                        -U.S National Science Foundation,

Biotechnology is "the integrated use of of biochemistry, microbiology And engineering science in order to achieve technological application of the capabilities of micro-organisms, cultured tissue/cells and parts thereof."                                                                                                                                                                        -European Federation of Biotechnology, 

Biotechnology comprises the "controlled and deliberate application of simple biological agents living or dead, cells or cell components-in technically useful operations, either of productive manufacture or as service operation."                                                                                                                                                          -J.D. Bu'lock,1987,

"The application of biological organisms, systems or processes" constitutes biotechnology.                                                                                     -British Biotechnologist,

Biotechnology may be defined as "the use of living organisms in system or processes for the manufacture of useful products: it may involve algae, bacteria, fungi, yeast, cells, of higher plants and animals or subsystems of any of these or isolated components from living matter."                                                                                                                                                                                                                           -Gibbs and Greenhalgh, 1983,

Amis Of Plant Tissue Culture

1. Development of disease free plant from disease plants.                                                          
2. Reducing the time it takes for the reproductive cycle to complete.                                          
3. Fixed enrichment of haploid plants.                                                                                             
4. Creating a new plant from body hybridization and production cells.                                    
5. To develop strain resistance plants.                                                                                 
6. Cultivation of transgenic plants.                                                                                             
7. To produce economically important plants in large numbers in a short time.                           
8. It does not allow the process of sexual reproduction to be necessary for crop development ensures the growth of new plants from any plant.                                        
9. Creating unusual hybrids, Such as those with protoplast conjugation with new trails develop. 
   

Plant Tissue Culture

                                      Introduction 

The conventional breeding methods are the most widely used for crop improvement. But in certain situations, these methods have to be supplemented with plant tissue culture techniques either to increase their efficiency or to be able to achieve the objective, which is not possible through the conventional methods. One example of each situation would illustrate the point. Production of pure lines or inbred involves six to seven generations of selling. Production of haploids through distant crosses or using pollen, anther or ovary culture, followed by chromosome doubling, reduces this time to two generations. This represents a saving of 4-6 years. The other example is the transfer of a useful bacterial gene say, cry (crystal protein) gene from Bacillus thuringiensis, into a plant cell and, ultimately, regeneration of whole plants containing and expressing this gene (transgenic plants). 

                                                                              

                                                                   

This can be achieved only by a combination of tissue culture and genetic engineering; none of the conventional breeding approaches can ever produce such a plant. The term tissue culture is commonly used in a very wide sense to include in vitro culture of plant cells, tissues as well as organs. But in a strict sense, tissue culture denotes the in vitro cultivation of plant cells in an unorganized mass, e.g., callus cultures. Another term, cell culture is used for in vitro culture of single or relatively small groups of plant cells, e.g., suspension cultures. But, in general, the term tissue culture is applied to both callus and suspension cultures, and cell culture is often used for callus culture as well. When organized structures like root tips, shoot tips, embryos, etc. are cultured in vitro to obtain their development as organized structures, it is called organ culture. In this book, plant tissue culture is used in its broad sense to denote aseptic in vitro culture of plant cells. tissues and organs.

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Types of Cancer

                                                                      Cancer is not bone single disease but a complex of many disease. About two hundred distinct types of cancer have been recognized.  

These can be grouped into four main types:-

1.Carcinomas

2.Sarcomas

3.Lymphomas

4. Leukemia  

1. Carcinomas:- Carcinomas are tumours made up principally of epithelial cells of ectodermal of  endodermal origin. The solid tumours nerve tissue and in tissues of body surfaces, or their attached glands, are examples of carcinomas. These include cervical, breast, skin, and brain carcinomas. About 85 percent of cancer are carcinomas.

2. Sarcomas:- Sarcomas are tumours made up principally of connective tissue cells, Which are of mesodermal origin. They are solid tumours growing from connective tissue. Cartilage bone and muscle. Although they account for most cancer studied in laboratory animals, they constitute only about 2 present human Cancer.

3. Lymphomas:- Lymphomas are Cancers in which there is excessive production of lymphocytes by the lymph nodes and spleen Hodgkin's disease is an example of a lymphoma. Lymphoma Constitute about 5 present  of human Cancers.

4. Leukemia:- Leukemia are neoplastic growths of leucocytes (W.B.C) and are characterized by excessive production of the cells. They constitute about 4 present of human cancer.

Cancer cells

RNA VIRUSES AND DNA VIRUSES NAME AND STRANDS

RNA VIRUSES:-

             

                  RNA VIRUSES                                                                   STRANDS

1. Keovirus                                                                                         RNA(2)   
2. Wound Tumour Virus                                                                     RNA(2)
3. Rice Dwarf Virus                                                                            RNA(2)
4. Tobacco Mosaic Virus(TMV)                                                         RNA(1)
5. Influenza Virus                                                                                RNA(1)
6. Polimomyelitis Virus                                                                       RNA(1)
7. Bacteriophage MS-2                                                                        RNA(1)
8. Bacterial Virus F2                                                                            RNA(1)
9. Coliphage R12                                                                                 RNA(1)
10. Avian Leukemia Virus                                                                     RNA(1)

DNA VIRUSES:-

                 DNA VIRUSES                                                                                    STRANDS 

1.  Pox Viruses                                                                                         DNA(2)
2. Coliphages T2, T4, T6,                                                                        DNA(2)
3. Coliphages T3, T7,                                                                               DNA(2)
4. Coliphages Lambda ()                                                                       DNA(2)
5. Herpesviruses                                                                                       DNA(2)
6. Adenoviruses                                                                                        DNA(2)
7. Papilloma Viruses                                                                                 DNA(2)
8. Bacteriophage Phix174                                                                         DNA(1)
9. M13                                                                                                       DNA(1)  
10. Polyoma Virus SV 40                                                                            DNA(2)                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  

Properties of A Good Vector

 A good vector must have the following properties:-

• The vector should be easy to isolate and purify.
• It should be easily introduced into the host cells,transformation of the host with the vector should be easy.
• The vector should have suitable marker genes that allow easy detection and selection of the transformed host cells.
• When the object is gene transfer, it should have the ability to integrate either itself the DNA insert it carries into the genome of the host cell.
• It should be able to replicate autonomously.
• A vector should be ideally less than 10 kb in size because larger DNA molecules are broken during purification procedure.
• When expression of the DNA insert is desired, the vector should contain at least suitable control elements. e.g., promoter, operator and ribosome binding sites; several other features may be also important.
• A vector should contain unique target sites for as may restriction enzyme as possible into which the DNA insert can be integrated without disrupting an essential function. 
• The cells transformed with such vector molecules that contain the DNA insert should be identifiable or selectable from those transformed by the DNA molecules only.

Watson And crick Model of DNA or B-DNA

                                                                                      Watson and Crick presented a model to elucidate the molecular structure of DNA. Which is called DNA model. For this work, Watson and Crick were awarded the Nobel prize in 1962.

Key features of DNA model are as follows:-

1. Each section of DNA consists of two stands that wrap around each other form the double coil structure.
2. Each DNA has two chain of polynucleotides. Which is unbranched.
3. DNA has two polynucleotide chain Anti parallel. Hence, 3' of one series is near 5' of another series. Third Carbon independent of sugars at one end of polynucleotide series, Who says this 3' prime end. Fifth carbon Independent of sugar at second strand, Who says this 5' prime.
4. Both polynucleotides chain are linked By hydrogen Bond.

   

   
   
5. Nucleotides makes polynucleotides chain.(because Nucleotides are linked with Phosphodiester bond.)
6. Nucleotides as step-wise arrange. The two are arranged between the series.
7. Paring of Adenine to Thymine and pairing of Guanine to cytosine. Always Both are linked with Hydrogen bond.
8. In the DNA of each organism or caste. Nucleotides have certain sequence.
9. A=T/G≡C and A=T/G≡C ratio each organism established.
10. Both polynucleotides chain of DNA chain made of a helix is 34Å in length.
11. A total of 10 Nucleotides found in a complete helix, Distance between two Nucleotides is 3.4Å.
12. Diameter of every DNA coiled 20Å.
13. Both chain of DNA complement each other.If the sequence of bases one of its series is a A,G,A,T,G,C, then the order of bases in the second chain is T,C,T,A,C,G .
14. Two DNA sequences in each DNA chain(external grooves) which are called major grooves, respectively (major grooves) and minor grooves the major grooves is wide and deep.
    

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All book and Notes of B.Sc Biotechnology Course.(all books Pdf.)

                         Biotechnology 

                          B.Sc. Part-1,

                           Paper-1st,  

               (Biochemistry, Biostatics and Computer)

List of Books:-( touch to read on book list👇👇👇👇👇👇)

 1. Nelson and Cox (2005) Principles of Biochemistry, Fourth Edition. 

2. Todd and Howards Mason (2004) Text book of Biochemistry, Fourth

Edition.

3. LubertStryer and Berg (2004) Biochemistry, Fifth Edition. 

4. Diana Rain, Marni Ayers Barby - (2006) Textbook on Q level Programming. 4th Edition. 

5. Karl Schwartz: (2006) Guide of Micro Soft. Marina Raod, 4th Edition. 

6. E Balaguruswamy by Programming in BASIC (1991). 

7. RC Campbell by Statistics for Biologists. . 

8. P Cassel et al by Inside Microsoft Office, 

9. Statistical Methods, GW Snedecor and WG Cochran. 

10. AC Wardlaw by Practical Statistics for Experimental Biologists, 

11. JHZar by Bio-statistical analysis. 

12. RR Sokal FJ Rohlf by Introduction to Biostatistics. 

13. L Y Kun (2003) Microbial Biotechnology: Principles and applications.

14. Khan and Khanum (1994) Fundamental of Biostastics.

              Paper-2nd

( Cell Biology, Genetics And Microbiology,)

List of Books:- 

1. C.B. Power- Cell biology, First Edition (2005), Himalaya Publishing House. 

2. Gereld Karp - Dell and molecular biology, 4th Edition (2005) 

3. P.K. Gupta - Cell and molecular biology, Second Edition (2003), Restogi publications. 

4. C.B., Powar - Cell biology, Third Edition (2005) Himalaya Publishing Hosue. 

5. S.S. Purohit - Microbiology : Fundamentals and Applications, 6th Edition (2004) 

6. R.C. Dubey and D.K. Maheshwari: Practical Microbiology. S.Chand Publication. 

7. R.C. Dubey and D.K. Maheshwari,Microbiology (2006). S.Chand Publication. 

8. Tortora, Funke and Case - Microbiology, An introduction, sixth Edition (1995), 

Benjamin/Cummings Publishing Company. 

9. Prescott, Harlyey and Klein - Microbiology, Third Edition, Wm. C. Brown Publishers (1996). 

10. P. Chakraoborthy - Textbook of microbiology, Second Edition (2007). 

11. Prescott, Harley and Klein - Microbiology. Third Edition. Wm. C. Brown. 

12. Microbial Genetics, David Freifelder, John F Cronan, Stanley R Maloy, Jones and Bartlett 

Publishers. 

13. Elements of Human Genetics. I.I. cavalla-Sfoeza, WA Benjamin Advanced Book Program. 

14. S.K Jadhav and P.K. Mahish (2018).

                        Biotechnology

                          B.Sc. Part-2,

                           Paper-1st,

                     ( MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND BIOPHYSICS)

List of Books:- 

1. C.B. Powar – Cell Biology, Himalaya Publishing House. 

2. Gerald Karp – Cell & Molecular Biology. 

3. Lewis J. Klein, Smith & Valerie, M. Kish – Principles of Cell and Molecular Biology. 

4. P.K. Gupta – Cell and Molecular Biology. 

5. Tortora, Funke and Case Microbiology – An Introduction. 

6. Richard M – Twyaman, Advanced Molecular Biology, Viva Books Pvt. Ltd. 

7. K. Wilson and J.Walker – Principles and Techniques of Biotechnology and Molecular Biology. 

8. Upadhyay and Upadhyay : Biophysical Chemistry. 

9. David, J. Nelson and Michael M. Cox, Lehninger – Principle of Biochemistry.

                           Paper-2nd,

                         (RECOMBINANT DNA TECHNOLOGY)

List of Books:- 

1. B.D. Singh – Biotechnology, Expanding Horizons, Kalyani Publication. 

2. P.K. Gupta – Biotechnology and Genomics, Rastogi Publication. 

3. Stanburry and Whittaker – Principles of Sterilization Techniques, Aditya Book Pvt. Ltd. 

4. L.E. Casida – Industrial Microbiology. 

5. A.H. Patel - Industrial Microbiology. 

6. K.S. Bilgrami and A.K. Pandey – Introduction to Biotechnology. 

7. U. Satyanarayan, Biotechnology. 

8. Atul Kumar and Vandana A. Kumar – Plant Biotechnology and Tissue Culture, Principle and 

Perspectives, International Books Distributing.

Biotechnology

                          B.Sc. Part-3rd,

                          Paper-1st&2nd,

                            (GENERAL BIOTECHNOLOGY & Immunology )

List of Books:-

 1. Immunology – Kuby. 

2. Text book of microbiology – Anantnarayan&Panikar. 

3. Immunology – Roitt. 

4. Immunology – NandiniSethi. 

5. Biotechnology – Fundamental & Application : S.S. Purohit. 

6. Plant Tissue Culture – Rojdov. 

7. Plant Tissue Culture (Practical) – H.S. Chawla. 

8. Fundamental of Immunology – W.Paul. 

9. Plant Biotechnology – B.D. Singh, Kalyani Publication. 

10. Plant Biotechnology – R.S. Chawla – Oxford and IBH Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd. 

11. Fundamental of Microbiology &Immunology –Ajit Kr. Banerjee, Nirmala Banerjee, New Central Book Agency (P) Ltd. Kolkata. 

12. A text book of Biotechnology – InduShekhar Thakur, I.K. International Pvt. Ltd (New Delhi). 

Some image of book:-

Some books you can read online touch on book name. And some books you have to buy online. You can buy online. OK, please touch on book name list to read.