Definition of Biotechnology

             Definition of Biotechnology,

Biotechnology  consists of "the controlled use of biological agents, Such as, micro-organisms or cellular components, for beneficial use."                                                                                                                                                        -U.S National Science Foundation,

Biotechnology is "the integrated use of of biochemistry, microbiology And engineering science in order to achieve technological application of the capabilities of micro-organisms, cultured tissue/cells and parts thereof."                                                                                                                                                                        -European Federation of Biotechnology, 

Biotechnology comprises the "controlled and deliberate application of simple biological agents living or dead, cells or cell components-in technically useful operations, either of productive manufacture or as service operation."                                                                                                                                                          -J.D. Bu'lock,1987,

"The application of biological organisms, systems or processes" constitutes biotechnology.                                                                                     -British Biotechnologist,

Biotechnology may be defined as "the use of living organisms in system or processes for the manufacture of useful products: it may involve algae, bacteria, fungi, yeast, cells, of higher plants and animals or subsystems of any of these or isolated components from living matter."                                                                                                                                                                                                                           -Gibbs and Greenhalgh, 1983,

Amis Of Plant Tissue Culture

1. Development of disease free plant from disease plants.                                                          
2. Reducing the time it takes for the reproductive cycle to complete.                                          
3. Fixed enrichment of haploid plants.                                                                                             
4. Creating a new plant from body hybridization and production cells.                                    
5. To develop strain resistance plants.                                                                                 
6. Cultivation of transgenic plants.                                                                                             
7. To produce economically important plants in large numbers in a short time.                           
8. It does not allow the process of sexual reproduction to be necessary for crop development ensures the growth of new plants from any plant.                                        
9. Creating unusual hybrids, Such as those with protoplast conjugation with new trails develop. 
   

Plant Tissue Culture

                                      Introduction 

The conventional breeding methods are the most widely used for crop improvement. But in certain situations, these methods have to be supplemented with plant tissue culture techniques either to increase their efficiency or to be able to achieve the objective, which is not possible through the conventional methods. One example of each situation would illustrate the point. Production of pure lines or inbred involves six to seven generations of selling. Production of haploids through distant crosses or using pollen, anther or ovary culture, followed by chromosome doubling, reduces this time to two generations. This represents a saving of 4-6 years. The other example is the transfer of a useful bacterial gene say, cry (crystal protein) gene from Bacillus thuringiensis, into a plant cell and, ultimately, regeneration of whole plants containing and expressing this gene (transgenic plants). 

                                                                              

                                                                   

This can be achieved only by a combination of tissue culture and genetic engineering; none of the conventional breeding approaches can ever produce such a plant. The term tissue culture is commonly used in a very wide sense to include in vitro culture of plant cells, tissues as well as organs. But in a strict sense, tissue culture denotes the in vitro cultivation of plant cells in an unorganized mass, e.g., callus cultures. Another term, cell culture is used for in vitro culture of single or relatively small groups of plant cells, e.g., suspension cultures. But, in general, the term tissue culture is applied to both callus and suspension cultures, and cell culture is often used for callus culture as well. When organized structures like root tips, shoot tips, embryos, etc. are cultured in vitro to obtain their development as organized structures, it is called organ culture. In this book, plant tissue culture is used in its broad sense to denote aseptic in vitro culture of plant cells. tissues and organs.

          Thank  You,

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                                                                        Here, You can every book download in PDF format In your file storage And you can also share All Book with everybody. This is free of cost books Only PDF format. You Will have to no money required for downloading books. But Some website You will Have to pay money to download book But Here I will only describe free of cost book downloading website. Here maximum book in English language. But If you are a Hindi medium Student then you can easily translate in to Hindi language and other language also.

Types of Cancer

                                                                      Cancer is not bone single disease but a complex of many disease. About two hundred distinct types of cancer have been recognized.  

These can be grouped into four main types:-

1.Carcinomas

2.Sarcomas

3.Lymphomas

4. Leukemia  

1. Carcinomas:- Carcinomas are tumours made up principally of epithelial cells of ectodermal of  endodermal origin. The solid tumours nerve tissue and in tissues of body surfaces, or their attached glands, are examples of carcinomas. These include cervical, breast, skin, and brain carcinomas. About 85 percent of cancer are carcinomas.

2. Sarcomas:- Sarcomas are tumours made up principally of connective tissue cells, Which are of mesodermal origin. They are solid tumours growing from connective tissue. Cartilage bone and muscle. Although they account for most cancer studied in laboratory animals, they constitute only about 2 present human Cancer.

3. Lymphomas:- Lymphomas are Cancers in which there is excessive production of lymphocytes by the lymph nodes and spleen Hodgkin's disease is an example of a lymphoma. Lymphoma Constitute about 5 present  of human Cancers.

4. Leukemia:- Leukemia are neoplastic growths of leucocytes (W.B.C) and are characterized by excessive production of the cells. They constitute about 4 present of human cancer.

Cancer cells

RNA VIRUSES AND DNA VIRUSES NAME AND STRANDS

RNA VIRUSES:-

             

                  RNA VIRUSES                                                                   STRANDS

1. Keovirus                                                                                         RNA(2)   
2. Wound Tumour Virus                                                                     RNA(2)
3. Rice Dwarf Virus                                                                            RNA(2)
4. Tobacco Mosaic Virus(TMV)                                                         RNA(1)
5. Influenza Virus                                                                                RNA(1)
6. Polimomyelitis Virus                                                                       RNA(1)
7. Bacteriophage MS-2                                                                        RNA(1)
8. Bacterial Virus F2                                                                            RNA(1)
9. Coliphage R12                                                                                 RNA(1)
10. Avian Leukemia Virus                                                                     RNA(1)

DNA VIRUSES:-

                 DNA VIRUSES                                                                                    STRANDS 

1.  Pox Viruses                                                                                         DNA(2)
2. Coliphages T2, T4, T6,                                                                        DNA(2)
3. Coliphages T3, T7,                                                                               DNA(2)
4. Coliphages Lambda ()                                                                       DNA(2)
5. Herpesviruses                                                                                       DNA(2)
6. Adenoviruses                                                                                        DNA(2)
7. Papilloma Viruses                                                                                 DNA(2)
8. Bacteriophage Phix174                                                                         DNA(1)
9. M13                                                                                                       DNA(1)  
10. Polyoma Virus SV 40                                                                            DNA(2)                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  

Properties of A Good Vector

 A good vector must have the following properties:-

• The vector should be easy to isolate and purify.
• It should be easily introduced into the host cells,transformation of the host with the vector should be easy.
• The vector should have suitable marker genes that allow easy detection and selection of the transformed host cells.
• When the object is gene transfer, it should have the ability to integrate either itself the DNA insert it carries into the genome of the host cell.
• It should be able to replicate autonomously.
• A vector should be ideally less than 10 kb in size because larger DNA molecules are broken during purification procedure.
• When expression of the DNA insert is desired, the vector should contain at least suitable control elements. e.g., promoter, operator and ribosome binding sites; several other features may be also important.
• A vector should contain unique target sites for as may restriction enzyme as possible into which the DNA insert can be integrated without disrupting an essential function. 
• The cells transformed with such vector molecules that contain the DNA insert should be identifiable or selectable from those transformed by the DNA molecules only.

Watson And crick Model of DNA or B-DNA

                                                                                      Watson and Crick presented a model to elucidate the molecular structure of DNA. Which is called DNA model. For this work, Watson and Crick were awarded the Nobel prize in 1962.

Key features of DNA model are as follows:-

1. Each section of DNA consists of two stands that wrap around each other form the double coil structure.
2. Each DNA has two chain of polynucleotides. Which is unbranched.
3. DNA has two polynucleotide chain Anti parallel. Hence, 3' of one series is near 5' of another series. Third Carbon independent of sugars at one end of polynucleotide series, Who says this 3' prime end. Fifth carbon Independent of sugar at second strand, Who says this 5' prime.
4. Both polynucleotides chain are linked By hydrogen Bond.

   

   
   
5. Nucleotides makes polynucleotides chain.(because Nucleotides are linked with Phosphodiester bond.)
6. Nucleotides as step-wise arrange. The two are arranged between the series.
7. Paring of Adenine to Thymine and pairing of Guanine to cytosine. Always Both are linked with Hydrogen bond.
8. In the DNA of each organism or caste. Nucleotides have certain sequence.
9. A=T/G≡C and A=T/G≡C ratio each organism established.
10. Both polynucleotides chain of DNA chain made of a helix is 34Å in length.
11. A total of 10 Nucleotides found in a complete helix, Distance between two Nucleotides is 3.4Å.
12. Diameter of every DNA coiled 20Å.
13. Both chain of DNA complement each other.If the sequence of bases one of its series is a A,G,A,T,G,C, then the order of bases in the second chain is T,C,T,A,C,G .
14. Two DNA sequences in each DNA chain(external grooves) which are called major grooves, respectively (major grooves) and minor grooves the major grooves is wide and deep.
    

Why we want to speak English.

You should have basic knowledge of English grammar. You will have to regular practice of grammar. This is your first stage of English. If you should have basic knowledge of English grammar then You can understand English. After completed your basic English grammar then you will have to practice of English speaking with other person or self. You will have to also knowledge of word meaning. Because without word meaning knowledge you can not speak English and understand. You can also join online class on YouTube and there are many online class available on internet, You must visit there to learn how to speak English in short time. You will have to regular practice of translate Hindi to English. If You will do regular practice then you can not only speak English but you can also write and read English.  English language is very necessary for your future. Because Everywhere use English language. Now a days No body speak Hindi in office,company,school and more place there are speak English. If you able to teach with your expert teacher then you will not only learn speaking English but also learn English writing and grammar. Maximum person want to learn only speak English. But you will have to also knowledge of writing and reading English. Now a days everywhere use only English. You are looking. If You go to bank or any place then you ask to please give me a account open form that time no any word type in Hindi on form. You can understand that Your country is developing not developed. You will have to also give support for developed country. If you have become with good knowledge then You can also go to other country and understand his/her language. There are many profit of knowledge of English. Just like as You can talk with other person. And most expansive books come in English language.  you must have knowledge of English. And More knowledge about English search on google and you tube. There are may books available on internet. You must visit on internet and download and read if you do not want to go to coaching. 

All book and Notes of B.Sc Biotechnology Course.(all books Pdf.)

                         Biotechnology 

                          B.Sc. Part-1,

                           Paper-1st,  

               (Biochemistry, Biostatics and Computer)

List of Books:-( touch to read on book list👇👇👇👇👇👇)

 1. Nelson and Cox (2005) Principles of Biochemistry, Fourth Edition. 

2. Todd and Howards Mason (2004) Text book of Biochemistry, Fourth

Edition.

3. LubertStryer and Berg (2004) Biochemistry, Fifth Edition. 

4. Diana Rain, Marni Ayers Barby - (2006) Textbook on Q level Programming. 4th Edition. 

5. Karl Schwartz: (2006) Guide of Micro Soft. Marina Raod, 4th Edition. 

6. E Balaguruswamy by Programming in BASIC (1991). 

7. RC Campbell by Statistics for Biologists. . 

8. P Cassel et al by Inside Microsoft Office, 

9. Statistical Methods, GW Snedecor and WG Cochran. 

10. AC Wardlaw by Practical Statistics for Experimental Biologists, 

11. JHZar by Bio-statistical analysis. 

12. RR Sokal FJ Rohlf by Introduction to Biostatistics. 

13. L Y Kun (2003) Microbial Biotechnology: Principles and applications.

14. Khan and Khanum (1994) Fundamental of Biostastics.

              Paper-2nd

( Cell Biology, Genetics And Microbiology,)

List of Books:- 

1. C.B. Power- Cell biology, First Edition (2005), Himalaya Publishing House. 

2. Gereld Karp - Dell and molecular biology, 4th Edition (2005) 

3. P.K. Gupta - Cell and molecular biology, Second Edition (2003), Restogi publications. 

4. C.B., Powar - Cell biology, Third Edition (2005) Himalaya Publishing Hosue. 

5. S.S. Purohit - Microbiology : Fundamentals and Applications, 6th Edition (2004) 

6. R.C. Dubey and D.K. Maheshwari: Practical Microbiology. S.Chand Publication. 

7. R.C. Dubey and D.K. Maheshwari,Microbiology (2006). S.Chand Publication. 

8. Tortora, Funke and Case - Microbiology, An introduction, sixth Edition (1995), 

Benjamin/Cummings Publishing Company. 

9. Prescott, Harlyey and Klein - Microbiology, Third Edition, Wm. C. Brown Publishers (1996). 

10. P. Chakraoborthy - Textbook of microbiology, Second Edition (2007). 

11. Prescott, Harley and Klein - Microbiology. Third Edition. Wm. C. Brown. 

12. Microbial Genetics, David Freifelder, John F Cronan, Stanley R Maloy, Jones and Bartlett 

Publishers. 

13. Elements of Human Genetics. I.I. cavalla-Sfoeza, WA Benjamin Advanced Book Program. 

14. S.K Jadhav and P.K. Mahish (2018).

                        Biotechnology

                          B.Sc. Part-2,

                           Paper-1st,

                     ( MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND BIOPHYSICS)

List of Books:- 

1. C.B. Powar – Cell Biology, Himalaya Publishing House. 

2. Gerald Karp – Cell & Molecular Biology. 

3. Lewis J. Klein, Smith & Valerie, M. Kish – Principles of Cell and Molecular Biology. 

4. P.K. Gupta – Cell and Molecular Biology. 

5. Tortora, Funke and Case Microbiology – An Introduction. 

6. Richard M – Twyaman, Advanced Molecular Biology, Viva Books Pvt. Ltd. 

7. K. Wilson and J.Walker – Principles and Techniques of Biotechnology and Molecular Biology. 

8. Upadhyay and Upadhyay : Biophysical Chemistry. 

9. David, J. Nelson and Michael M. Cox, Lehninger – Principle of Biochemistry.

                           Paper-2nd,

                         (RECOMBINANT DNA TECHNOLOGY)

List of Books:- 

1. B.D. Singh – Biotechnology, Expanding Horizons, Kalyani Publication. 

2. P.K. Gupta – Biotechnology and Genomics, Rastogi Publication. 

3. Stanburry and Whittaker – Principles of Sterilization Techniques, Aditya Book Pvt. Ltd. 

4. L.E. Casida – Industrial Microbiology. 

5. A.H. Patel - Industrial Microbiology. 

6. K.S. Bilgrami and A.K. Pandey – Introduction to Biotechnology. 

7. U. Satyanarayan, Biotechnology. 

8. Atul Kumar and Vandana A. Kumar – Plant Biotechnology and Tissue Culture, Principle and 

Perspectives, International Books Distributing.

Biotechnology

                          B.Sc. Part-3rd,

                          Paper-1st&2nd,

                            (GENERAL BIOTECHNOLOGY & Immunology )

List of Books:-

 1. Immunology – Kuby. 

2. Text book of microbiology – Anantnarayan&Panikar. 

3. Immunology – Roitt. 

4. Immunology – NandiniSethi. 

5. Biotechnology – Fundamental & Application : S.S. Purohit. 

6. Plant Tissue Culture – Rojdov. 

7. Plant Tissue Culture (Practical) – H.S. Chawla. 

8. Fundamental of Immunology – W.Paul. 

9. Plant Biotechnology – B.D. Singh, Kalyani Publication. 

10. Plant Biotechnology – R.S. Chawla – Oxford and IBH Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd. 

11. Fundamental of Microbiology &Immunology –Ajit Kr. Banerjee, Nirmala Banerjee, New Central Book Agency (P) Ltd. Kolkata. 

12. A text book of Biotechnology – InduShekhar Thakur, I.K. International Pvt. Ltd (New Delhi). 

Some image of book:-

Some books you can read online touch on book name. And some books you have to buy online. You can buy online. OK, please touch on book name list to read.

What is Technology

Technology:-   What is technology every person have this question come in mind. If you don't know about technology. Don't worry. I will tell You about technology. We use technology everywhere in life. But You don't know It is technology. Yes, That is technology. We use Smart phone. There are many function work in Your phone by technology. We can talk any person in just minute. You can send money in just minute anywhere. And more that We use Technology in daily life. just like Mobile recharge, Communication, Current News in just minute, Play music, Television(we watch at home without any problem), Game, Online class, Money transfer, Digital India And more. That is technology.  

  

Some image of technology:-

Mobile communication

 

Money Transfer 

Television communication 

Online shopping & social media  

Computer is also biggest examples of technology Everywhere use computer in school, office, Train ticket counter, In railway, Flight communication & Booking ticket And more Uses of computer.

Some image of computer in technology:-

Movie making & Online marketing  

Study & software making

Technology uses in Medical And science :- There are many machine uses in medical science For Improve health of patient. And some machine uses in production of medicine and check their  quality. And more. Technology are uses in medical science.

Some image of medical science technology:-

Showing image of brain surgery

 

Medical technology 

 

Temperature detector machine digital

Microscope 

And know more about technology on this website:-https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology
OK, we shall meet again with new topic.
Stay Home,
Stay safe,

Thanks for reading....................
 

Value of Time Essay Writing. 300 words, And how to save our time.............

                                         Value of Time

                      That days Nobody understand that value of time. But Who understand the value of time. They never destroy their success. They always get success in their life. Everybody have fixed time on Earth. Nobody is immortal on the Earth. Everybody have to die. So, You will have to understand the value of time.

                       Every second,Every Minute,Every Hour, And Day is important for our life. So, You never destroy your self time. When You destroy a day. That day never come in your life. There are many story about value of time You can read in book or internet. A story "BAS FIVE MINUTE" You must read in childhood and listen by teacher in your classroom. And there are many story in childhood book. You should be read.

                       To realise the value of ONE DAY, ask the person who missed the any exam. to realise the value of ONE HOUR, ask the lover who are waiting to meet. to realise the value of ONE MINUTE, ask a person who missed the train. To realise the value of ONE SECOND, ask a person who just avoided an accident.

                       Some people work according to Time table. But, When We have any emergency then We have to destroy the rule of time table. This is emergency situation. You can do. Every person have Become emergency condition. We have to solve this condition. And Forget that Emergency case and any problem in your life Because When You become in depression. As You know that depression is so bad for Concentration on one situation. If You became in depression then You can't do any work properly. This is so bad condition. 

                       Don't destroy your time on Smart phone. If we see everywhere maximum person destroy their time on Smart Mobile Phone. This is So Bad for Future. Some people talking to their girlfriend/boyfriend. Many hours destroy on mobile till night. This is bad habit for Boyfriend and Girlfriend. I am not saying that not talk to Girlfriend/Boyfriend. But you You will have arrange fixed time to talking on phone both person. In this way you can save your time. You will have to also Make future. Every Work do in Our life.(only good work) This is not bad work. But When You destroy your goal direction. You will forget your goal. that what is my goal. And never try to become on your goal.

                      Now We a question that How to save our time! We will have to fixed a goal. And never destroy that goal in our life. Always be motivated And Do every work according to your time table. Fixed a time table of every work that you do daily. In this way You can save more time for our goal. And Arrange also fixed time for your mobile. I know,(this is vitamin for our body wen a day you do not use phone then you You feel bad.)  Nobody can live without Smart phone. And also don't play pubg every time. Play but in fixed time. This is also reason for destroy our time. I think You will have to understand the value of time. You try to Understand the value and live to be careful. OK.........................,

                                                                                                      Life teaches as
                                                                                                                 to make good
                                                                                                                 use of Time
                                                                                                               teaches use the
                                                                                                              Value of Time.............
 

Health is Wealth Essay Writing.

                         Health is Wealth,

                 Nobody can enjoy without good Health. And Nobody can become 100% Healthy. But Success in life depends largely on good health. Every person have must be good health. Because Nobody can not do any work proper Without good health. People can buy everything From money. But they can't buy health. Money is not everything. You will have to understand.

                                      Why do we fall ill, There are many reasons for falling ill. First reasons is lazy. Who person never do exerciser in our life. They fall ill every time from many diseases. They can never become with good health. Because they are lazy. They do not want to become healthy. Sometime they can become healthy by medical treatment. And Many other reason to fall ill.

                                      Alcohol, cigarette, Drugs, Also Reason for bad health in human body. It is so harmful for our body. If You are using regularly smoking wine and cigarette then You can fall from many diseases. Just like as Damage your liver from wine and It can be cancer from Cigarette. And many diseases like sickness, weakness, illness, Loosing memory remember capacity. And many things happen from smoking.

                                     Cancer is so dangerous Disease that No any Medicine Discovered for this disease. Who person infected from cancer Then can become Health sometime by therapy. But Some people  save from this disease. Many scientist research on this disease. If you want to save from this disease then you will have to avoid smoking.

                                     And other popular reason to fall ill that Eating more than capacity. It is also harmful for health. You can fat. And You can suffer from many disease. Just like Anorexia nervousa, Bulimia nervosa, sleeping more than sleeping time, fatness, etc. And many disease from food disorders It is also bad for health.

                                   And There many reason for bad health. You can read about many disease on Google.

                                   Now, How you will be live healthy! You will have to take exercise daily. You will have to eat good food like green vegetable, and many things present in earth. You must take food in limit. And Wash your hand before you are going to take food. Always follow the rules of healthy precaution. And take complete sleep daily. Never become in depression. Always be happy.

                                                                   

                                                                                                   

 

Thanks for reading,