Essential amino acids

 Essential or indispensable amino acids :- 

                                                                                                              The amino acids which can not be synthesized by the body and, therefore, need to be supplied through the diet are called essential amino acids. They are required for proper growth and maintenance of the individual. The ten amino acids listed below are essential for humans,

1. Arginine, 
2. Valine, 
3. Histidine, 
4. Isoleucine, 
5. Leucine, 
6. Lysine, 
7. Methionine,
8. Phenylalanine, 
9. Threonine, 
10. Tryptophan,

Nonessential amino acids

Nonessential Amino Acid or dispensable amino acids:- 

 The body can synthesize about 10 amino acids to meet the biological needs, hence they need not be consumed in the diet. These are:-

1. Glycine, 
2. Alanine, 
3. Serine,
4. Cysteine, 
5. Aspartate, 
6. Asparagine, 
7. Glutamate, 
8. Glutamine, 
9. Tyrosine and
10.  Proline,

Recombinant DNA technology

 Recombinant DNA technology:-

Basic Functions of a Fermenter

 Basic Functions of a Fermenter:-

• It should provide a controlled environment of optimum biomass yields.
• It should permit aseptic fermentation for a number of days reliably and dependably, and meet the requirements of containment regulations Containment involves prevention of escape of viable cells from a fermenter or a downstream processing equipment into the environment.
• It should provide adequate mixing and aeration for optimum growth and production, Without damaging the microorganisms.
• The power consumption should be minimum,
• It should provide easy and dependable temperature control.
• Facility for sampling should be provided.
• It should have a system for monitoring and regulating pH of the fermentation broth.
• Evaporation losses should be as low as possible.
• It should require a minimum of labour in maintenance, cleaning, Operating and harvesting operations.
• It should be suitable for a range of fermentation processes. But this range may often be restricted by containment regulations.
• It should have smooth production internal surfaces, and joints should be welded wherever possible.
• The pilot scale and production stage fermenters should have similar geometry to facilitate scale-up.
• It should be contrasted using the cheapest materials that afford satisfactory results.
• There should be adequate service provisions for individual plants.

Ti-Plasmid

                                                           Introduction

 Agrobacterium tumefaciens is a rod shaped, gram negative Bacteria, soil born motile bacterium. This bacterium infects the parts of the plant which are in contact with soil. The genus Agrobacterium inclides four species of bacteria. They are A.tumefaciens, A.radiobacter, A.rubi, A.rhizogens. They  are pathogenic in nature and cause cancerous growth in the infected plant tissues. They infect the plants and cause tumberous growth in the infected portion. The induction of tumerous growth is due to the presence of a large sized plasmid named Ti Plasmid. Accourding to Zaenen et al. (1974) almost all the strain of A.tumefaciens contain Ti plasmid.

Agrobacterium is a bacterium which is used to produce transgenic plants because it contain tow kinds of vectors which are used in the transfer of genes of one plant to the genome of another plant:-

 1. Ti plasmid, 

 2. Ri plasmid,

                                                              Structure  

T-DNA carry genes for phytohormones, AND opine

Auxin:- The main function of auixn is to help plant grow. Auxin stimulates plant cell to elongate, and the apical meristem of a plant is one of the main places where auxin is produced.

Cytokinin:- Increased cell division by stimulating the process of mitosis. Increased formation of shoot and buds, as well as development of fruits and seeds.

Opin:- Nutritional source for agrobacteria and fall into different chemical grouping such as nopaline, Octopine, Mannopine, agrocinopine etc.

Vir genes:-

 Vir A:- Its a kinase portein in bacterial membrane. Act as receptor Phenolic compund relased by wounded plant.

Vir A and Vir G :- They expessed continuously respond to phenolic compund released by wounded plant.

Vir G :- Activate other vir gene (transcription gene factor)

Vir E/E2 :- Protect T-DNA against nuclease and target T-DNA to plant cell. Act as SSB protein (single standard binding protein).

Vir C :- Stimulate transfer/promotes high effciency T-stand Synthesis.

Vir D :- Responsible for virulence activity of bacterium.

Vir D1:- Topoisomerase helps virD2 to recognise and cleave within 25bp L.B sequence.

 Vir D2 :- Endonuclease ( vir D2 cut T-DNA right border, help to integration of T-DNA into host chromosome)

Vir D1 :- Prevent attack of exonuclease at 5' end of T-DNA, important for cutting phosphodiester bond.

Vir B/ Vir D4 :- ATP dependant linkage of  protein complex necessary for T-DNA transfer from bacterium of plant cell ( assemble into a secreation system which spns the inner and outer bacterial membrane.)

Vir D2/Vir E2 :- Have nuclear localization signal.

Vir F:- Plant cell cytosole, vib1protein.

                                                               Advantage

• Occure naturally in Bacteria.
• Have different restriction sites.
• Replication completely independent of Bacteria.
• Genes are easily inserted into plasmids.
• Easily transformed into bacteria.
  
  

what is bioinformatics

What is Bioinformatics:-

Translation of billions of characters in DNA sequences that make the genome into biologically meaningful information has given birth to a new field of science called "bioinformatics". The term bioinformatics has been derived by combining biology and information.

                          The key to biotechnology discoveries is locked in the genomes of organisms. The bioinformatics holds the key to unlock these data for the next generation of innovations.

intro germplam conservation

 

Germplasm Conservation:-

Germplasm broadly refers to the hereditary material transmitted to the offspring through germ cells.

Germplasm provides the raw material for the breeder to develop various crops. Thus, conservation of germplasm assumes significance in all breeding programmes.

As the primitive man learnt about the utility of plants for food and shelter, he cultivated the habit of saving selected seeds or vegetative propagules from one season to the next one. In other words, this may be regarded as primitive but conventional germplasm preservation and management, which is highly valuable in breeding programmes.

The very objective of germplasm conservation is to preserve the genetic diversity of a particular plant or genetic stock for its use at any time in future. In recent years, many new plant species with desired and improved characteristics have started replacing the primitive and conventionally used agricultural plants. It is important to conserve the endangered plants or else some of the valuable genetic traits present in the primitive plants may be lost.

A global body namely International Board of Plant Genetic Resources (IBPGR) has been established for germplasm conservation. Its main objective is to provide necessary support for collection, conservation and utilization of plant genetic resources throughout the world.